Sometimes that act is meant to elevate a local hero, as in Albany’s statue of Gen. Philip Schuyler. Sometimes it’s a way for a locality to bask in the celebrity of an established hero, as in George Washington High School in San Francisco. And sometimes it’s an attempt to vindicate a particular ideology, as in the big statue of Robert E. Lee in Richmond, erected in 1890.
But none of those approaches apply to Faneuil Hall. Peter Faneuil was a wealthy Boston merchant with no wife or children who in 1740 offered to pay for a new marketplace and meeting hall. Since a crowd of protesters had destroyed the market building at Dock Square only three years before, that offer required some discussion. The space for town meetings was obviously an attempt to make the market stalls acceptable. Bostonians barely voted to accept Faneuil’s money.
The new building opened at the old space in September 1742. By this time the town meeting was happy to have it. Future governor Thomas Hutchinson moved that the hall be named after its donor, “at all times hereafter.” The town approved that proposal, also commissioning a portrait by John Smibert and a Faneuil coat of arms to hang inside.
Peter Faneuil died unexpectedly the following year. He was a major player in Boston’s business community in the 1730s, and at his death people said he had been charitable. But he played no role in the local historical developments that get the most attention: not the Puritan settlement, not the Revolution, not even the witchcraft trials or first smallpox inoculations. Most Faneuil family members became Loyalists.
Aside from funding the hall, I don’t see evidence of Peter Faneuil doing anything else of importance. The Faneuil Hall name is thus more like how Gillette Stadium hypes the highest corporate bidder than like how the Washington Monument honors the first President.
That name might even give Peter Faneuil too much credit. In January 1761 the building burned. (This was less than a year after the great fire that started at the Sign of the Brazen Head.) The town decided to rebuild within the surviving walls, this time adding a slate roof. For funds, the province authorized a lottery; advertisements for the periodic ticket sales and prize drawings appear throughout the Revolutionary period. But the building was still called Faneuil Hall.
In 1806, that meeting hall was greatly expanded from the 1761 design shown above to its present dimensions, growing both up and out. But the building was still called Faneuil Hall.
In the 1820s the first Mayor Josiah Quincy pushed for Boston—now a city—to build new stone buildings to the east of the hall, creating much more market space. The central domed building is called Quincy Market. But the whole collection of buildings is called Faneuil Hall Marketplace.
In sum, Peter Faneuil funded the first version of one corner of the smallest of four buildings in the complex, but his name is on the whole thing.
Or is it? We probably don’t remember his name accurately. The Faneuil originally pronounced their name with French vowels. The British, or more particularly Yankee British, changed that, as I discussed back here. Smibert, Robert Love, and other Boston contemporaries wrote it out as “Funnel.” In the nineteenth century people rediscovered some version of the French original, but its spelling and pronunciation remain a special challenge.
We thus use the Faneuil Hall name not out of admiration for Peter Faneuil and all he was—native New Yorker, child of Huguenot refugees, disabled bachelor, Anglican convert, merchant trading with the Caribbean, slave trader. We use the name simply because that’s what we all grow up calling that building. And the building has become much more famous than its namesake.
Since important Revolutionary events occurred inside that space, the name of Faneuil Hall is in American history books. The site is on the Freedom Trail. It’s an anchor of Boston National Historical Park. And the civic building continues to fulfill its original purpose—drawing customers to the nearby shops.
TOMORROW: So what can we call it?
Faneuil Hall played an important role in the antislavery movement in the 1840s and '50s, being the site of many of their most important meetings in this city. Given the fame of Peter Faneuil and other members of his family, I'm certain that the abolitionists who gathered there were aware of his, and their, role in the slave trade a century earlier. It would be interesting to research what, if anything, they had said in their antislavery meetings, about Faneuil himself being a slave trader.
ReplyDeleteIt was called Faneuil Hall at the time, and I'm not aware of any efforts then to rename it.
In its earlier version, he structure was also the first meeting place of Boston's first Black congregation, circa 1805. They rented it from the town for their worship services before they built the African Meeting House on Beacon Hill.
I also understand that Jefferson Davis, future president of the Confederacy, spoke in the hall to give a defense of slavery some years before the Civil War.
I’m not sure that the abolitionists of the mid-19th century knew anything about the Faneuil family’s slave-trading a century before. I’ve found three antebellum discussions of Peter Faneuil: Caleb Snow’s 1828 history of Boston, which reprinted John Lovell’s funeral oration; a note on French families in the Massachusetts Historical Society Collections volume for 1830; and Lucius Manlius Sargent’s Dealings with the Dead. None discussed the source of Faneuil’s wealth or slavery. Most repeated the same small set of facts.
ReplyDeleteIt wasn’t until the end of the century, with the Colonial Revival in full swing, that we see more attention to Peter Faneuil’s life. That’s when Abram Brown published his biography of the man and the hall. In an article in the New England Quarterly in 2002, Jonathan Beagle connected that interest to increased emphasis on Faneuil’s Huguenot (i.e., non-Catholic) heritage. Beagle also suggests that’s when the current pronunciation of “Faneuil” arose.